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I’ve noticed that in both Aerodynamics for Naval Aviators, and most old WWII engine power charts, power vs altitude seems to be composed almost entirely of linear relationships: at a given supercharger speed, (assuming a single stage supercharger with no aftercooler, Water Injection, or other additional power boosting system active), power from sea level increases in a linear fashion until critical altitude, and from there, power decreases at a linear rate

I already know the basics of why power increases, then decreases: the engine must be throttled below critical altitude to prevent overboost, and this results in a loss of efficiency in accordance to the amount of throttling. And above critical altitude, the supercharger simply cannot provide enough of an increase to pressure to achieve the desired manifold pressure

I also understand that roughly, 1,000ft increase in altitude will correspond to a 1”HG decrease in air pressure, so that gives me some clues to work out the relationship above critical altitude. But I don’t understand how to determine how much power a given supercharger speed gives BELOW Critical Altitude, where Max manifold pressure is available, but must be throttled

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I'm not sure if this is exactly what you are looking for, but may be of help:

A Journal article "Supercharged Engine Performance, Calculated and Actual" (see link below) has information that to me seems to match your question. Table on page 261 and a graph on page 263 present calculated and actual power outputs of a supercharged aviation engine in different power settings (named "speed"). As per its title, the article focuses on differences between calculated and actual performance, but does so by reviewing data on different power settings (and configurations) and should thus provide information about throttling losses.

The full document is downloadable from the page http://www.jstor.org/stable/44434046

Source: Chenoweth, O. (1927). Supercharged Engine Performance, Calculated and Actual. SAE Transactions, 22, 256–268.

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