I understood that Oswald coefficient doesn't modify the induced drag (i.e. =1) if the lift distribution is elliptical. When is the lift distribution not elliptical? What are the physical or ideal causes?
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When is the lift distribution not elliptical?
The distribution is non elliptical basically always, you have to struggle quite a lot to achieve an elliptical distribution.
As far as I know only the Spitfire managed to decently approximate the elliptical distribution, and even then, the unavoidable presence of the fuselage had its consequences.
What are the physical or ideal causes?
Ideal? I think you are confusing what is ideal here. The ideal case is the elliptical distribution, since it gives you the minimal induced drag for equivalent lift.
As basic theory goes, you can have an elliptical distribution with an elliptical wing (is a consequence of the so-called lifting-line theory).
answered Apr 26, 2016 at 17:11
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$\begingroup$ but why normally the distribution is not elliptical? Is it for example caused by not perfect wing surface quality of finishing? Or interruptions? $\endgroup$ Commented Apr 26, 2016 at 17:21
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$\begingroup$ @d.pensopositivo as I mentioned, the presence of the fuselage (and all the stuff attached to the wings) is one such reason. The shape of the wing is another (swept, non elliptical distribution of chord, etc.) I suggest you become a little familiar with the lifting-line theory, it explains a lot. $\endgroup$– FedericoCommented Apr 26, 2016 at 17:25