What takes the place of a light source and slit in this situation?
The Sun.
(and the 150.000.000 km between it and us)
From the NASA page you link:
The light is passed through a slit whichWhere is placed such that the reflected light from the mirror forms parallel rays that pass through the test section.
A light source placed at 150.000.000 km distance will obtain the same effect without any slit or mirror: the rays coming from it will appear to be substantially parallel to one another.
The fact that the Sun does not appear point-like in the sky has a small effect on this, as each point of the surface of the Sun will generate a family of parallel rays, and each family will not be parallel to the others, possibly blurring the image.
A careful construction of the receiving optical system (on the right of the slide you took from the NASA page) can obviate to this. Details on how to achieve such a result are more in the realm of photography, optics and physics in general rather than aviation.
I'm looking for howcamera relative to these planes were oriented for this flighttarget aircraft, and what's behind them?
Straight from NASA themselves:
NASA flew a B-200, outfitted with an updated imaging system, at around 30,000 feet while the pair of T-38s were required to not only remain in formation, but to fly at supersonic speeds at the precise moment they were directly beneath the B-200
and