A Faraday cage for the entire aircraft is not necessary. All the avionics are inside metal enclosures so they have their individual little Faraday cages. Resistance to electromagnetic interference (EMI) is part of the design, affecting not only the enclosure but the design process of the electronics themselves.
Cabling can be designed with a shield (foil or braided wire around the signal cabling), or it can be designed to reject interference (balanced signalling).
Installing a Faraday cage to isolate the passenger cabin from the avionics would only eliminate one possible noise source. Modern aircraft are full of electric systems, and each of them is a potential source of noise. So aircraft electronics have to be shielded not just from passenger phones, but from each other.
Aircraft electronics have to deal with strong sources of EMI: radar and lightning.