123
The reason is the large spinning thing on the front. Residual fuel in the engine has been known to auto-ignite (i.e. combust without a spark), causing the prop to spin, causing serious injuries and deaths. A lean cutoff reduces the risk that someone handling the prop will get maimed or killed.
In a car when you turn the engine off usually it is in park or ...
88
Both engines use a turbine for power. This is where the "turbo" part of the name comes from. In a turbine engine, air is compressed and then fuel is ignited in this compressed air. The energy produced by the ignition turns the turbine. The turbine is then able to drive both the compressor at the front of the engine and also some useful load. In airplanes, it ...
82
No. Not a useful propulsion engine.
The first problem is power. The air stream from Dyson's fans is weaker than what you can get from a conventional fan the same size, and jet engines need a very powerful stream. You'll notice they're quite heavy as well; Dyson AM-06 has a thrust-to-weight ratio of just 0.06, 100 times less than a jet engine.
The second ...
76
Broadly speaking, there are three families of motor fuel that you're probably interested in: Diesels, Kerosenes, and Gasolines.
The difference between the families mainly has to do with the molecular weight (and thus boiling point / vapor pressure) of the fuel components - in order above from heaviest to lightest. The differences within each family are ...
76
The helicopter shown is an Anti-Submarine Warfare Helicopter. ASW helicopters generally have the ability to detect submarines either Passively or Actively. Passively, sonar-buoys are dropped into the sea and act as ‘microphones’. The returns from these can be triangulated to track submarines.
To achieve this, the helicopters altitude will generally be 1500ft ...
60
I think there's a mix-up in the labeling of the photo.
Here's the photo and caption from a copy of "Ignition" that I just downloaded:
Here's the photo and caption from the next page:
Seen together, those two photos and captions make sense.
Somebody mixed up the images and the captions in the copy you are reading.
54
GE Aviation
Clue 1. Parts designed at the Lynn MA plant have part numbers of the form xxxxTxxPxx, where x is a digit. 4922T12P01 fits that pattern.
The gr.in is another clue. That refers to a weight that would be used in balancing the fan. GE uses units of gr.in. I'm fairly sure that Pratt uses oz.in, snecma uses gr.cm. I'm not sure what RR uses.
But ...
52
In a word, the tropopause.
Gas turbine engine efficiency improves with colder & denser air. As an airplane climbs through the troposphere, the density & temperature both drop, and the loss of density is more than offset by the lower temperature. Above the tropopause, however, the density continues to drop while the temperature holds (approximately) ...
51
There are a number of human-powered aircraft (list here). For the Gossamer Albatross, we have
In still air, the required power was on the order of 300 W (0.40 hp),
though even mild turbulence made this figure rise rapidly.
As far as top speed:
Allen completed the 22.2 mi (35.7 km) crossing in 2 hours and 49
minutes, achieving a top speed of 18 ...
49
Because single engine fighters are substantially cheaper to purchase and operate. Exact figures are hard to obtain, but as an example, an F-15 squadron will spend about 25,000 USD per flight hour whereas an F-16 Squadron spends about 15,000 USD per flight hour. Effectively, you can purchase and operate twice the fighter force with single engine fighters ...
47
Today, most GA aircraft in Europe do have mufflers so they can pass the ever more stringent noise requirements. Here is one mounted to a Cessna 172 (picture source):
Historically, mufflers were considered as a disadvantage because they reduce engine performance by increasing back pressure. By partially blocking the exhaust flow, the muffler increases ...
47
Some do (or have in the past) but very high altitudes present their own issues. Historically the Concorde cruised anywhere from FL550 to FL600 and was actually allowed to climb and descend at its discretion up there since they were well clear of any traffic. However the increase in pressure differential on the airframe as well as supersonic flight meant the ...
44
Those are known as "Mach diamonds" or "Shock diamonds" (and a number of other names) and are not a characteristic of the afterburner per se but are formed by standing waves in the exhaust when the pressure of the expanded exhaust gases do not exactly match external ambient pressure. They can be formed by either over-expansion or under-...
44
This happens when the maximum output was changed after design.
100% is simply a reference to a certain value. In the space shuttle's case, the engine output was increased after the initial design. Instead of updating the engine value everywhere, they decided to simply keep the initial value constant.
The same goes for N1 in turbo engines. 100% N1 is simply ...
41
A rubber engine is not to be confused with a rubber motor (a rubber band which is twisted in order to store energy which can be released when the rubber band untwists. This type of engine is good for short energy bursts in small model airplanes).
A rubber engine is an engine deck (tables of engine data) which can be scaled according to your needs. In a way, ...
41
You won't see it done in the fixed wing world unless the aircraft is tied down or otherwise securely restrained (like when you tie off the tail to something when hand starting your no-starter taildragger; some pilots just use chocks or parking brakes to hand bomb their airplane, but it's a terrible idea).
However, it's common in the helicopter world ...
41
Most thrust overall?
Well the most powerful aviation gas turbine to date is the GE90-115B, producing a whopping 115,000 lbs of thrust per engine at maximum static thrust settings.
Overall the aircraft with the greatest thrust to date has been the StratoLaunch. With 6 PW5406 engines, each rated at 56,000 lbs of thrust, this gives it the highest takeoff ...
37
There are multiple factors that affect an aircraft based on its cruise altitude.
The cruise altitude directly affects the aircraft pressurization and aerodynamics. In order to keep the cabin altitude around 6000 to 8000 feet, the fuselage would have to withstand a higher pressure differential. This would require more material, and make the plane heavier. ...
37
Combustion in a gasoline internal combustion engine for most aircraft, requires four things: fuel, oxygen, compression and ignition.
If the engine is starved of fuel, accidental combustion (and an accidental spinning prop) will not happen. So shutting off the fuel is one way to prevent accidental "start" if even for one stroke.
Oxygen is ubiquitous and ...
37
Yes, and it has been demonstrated 30 years ago on the Tupolev 155. This is/was a hydrogen-powered version of the Russian Tu-154B tri-jet. Only one has been built and has since been retired after demonstrating the use of liquid hydrogen in 5 experimental flights. In total, the Tu-155 performed about 100 flights with several fuels, among them hydrogen and ...
36
Simply, more engines = more power, and power is needed for several things, the first of which is, taking off. At max takeoff weight, a multi-engine aircraft has to be able to lose one engine (after reaching the go/no-go speed) and safely continue the takeoff, which means that if you could just barely fly on 3 motors, you're going to have to have 4 to meet ...
36
Fighters don't carry passengers.
The figure of merit for combat aircraft isn't passenger-miles flown between accidents, it's objectives completed (like enemy targets destroyed) per billion dollars spent. Adding redundant engines only improves this figure if single engine failures are very common.
Today, military engines have gotten much closer to civilian ...
35
This type of structure is called isogrid structure. Solid walls are usually very heavy and therefore engineers use more weight-efficient structures such as sandwich structures or stiffened structures with stringers and frames. A downside is the huge manufacturing cost compared to other options.
As you can see from NASA Report CR-124075 "Isogrid Design ...
34
Short answer
It's the vastly different flow conditions from static to cruise which demand a separate placing of high-bypass-ratio jet engines. They would produce less thrust and more drag when paired.
Why were there paired engines at all?
The early jets had their engines mounted directly beneath or in the wing, and comparisons between separately mounted ...
33
It appears to be a Rolls Royce Viper turbo jet engine made in 1966. The maker's mark (BSB) derives from Bristol Siddeley, formed from Armstrong Siddeley (the company that originally developed the engine) and Bristol Aero-engines. Bristol Siddeley were later taken over by Rolls Royce.
Source: Wikipedia
32
Generally yes, but not always. If you include the APU as an engine, the answer would need to be different, but I understand your question concerns just the engines used for propulsion.
For jets, the direction of rotation doesn't make much of a difference, so the same engines can be used on all stations. However, with propellers the swirl does influence ...
32
The engine inlet lip is bare metal to facilitate anti-icing. The area is heated from within using hot engine bleed air.
This partial schematic (from Boeing AERO QTR_01.12) shows the engine anti-ice valve, which controls the air supply to the inlet lip:
Interesting side note: Even the 787 "no-bleed" system architecture uses bleed air for engine anti-ice.
31
They are flaps or doors on the engine cowling that open up in order to provide increased cooling airflow for the engine. They look like this when open. They are generally controlled by a handle in the cockpit (some aircraft have electric cowl flaps with an open/close switch).
The disadvantage is that the open flaps also increase drag. So on airplanes ...
31
The bleed will be tapped from one or two of the 3rd, 4th, 5th or 6th High Pressure Compressor stages. Usually there are two bleed ports. The highest pressure port will supply really hot air for things like anti-icing. The lower pressure port farther upstream will supply air for air conditioning/pressurization and other pneumatics. Some systems combine ...
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