Depending on the aircraft you could be looking at one of a few things. 

[![enter image description here][1]][1]

([source][2])

On some older aircraft it may be the [communications antenna][2] for older style radios (pre UHF/VHF days). Most of these radios have been phased out for some time but you will see it in pictures. 

The more common thing you are seeing (based on your top of the fuselage to front of the tail description), as it is still in place on many small GA planes and any bigger planes that have not had the unit removed is the [ADF Sense antenna][3]. This antenna helps to deal with the directional ambiguity problem in an [ADF unit][4]. Basically the loop antenna is capable of knowing where the station is but only on a 0-180 degree plane. It does not know if it is in front or behind the antenna. The sense antenna allows it to solve this ambiguity. These units operate in the [190-535kHz range][5]. For what its worth the FAA is pulling a lot of ADF's and their associated approaches as GPS takes over but they seem to still be common elsewhere in the world.   

Here is one, 
[![enter image description here][6]][6]

([source][7])


  [1]: https://i.sstatic.net/N633F.jpg
  [2]: http://www.rfcafe.com/references/radio-news/planning-aircraft-radio-installation-november-1946-radio-news.htm
  [3]: http://www.avweb.com/news/avionics/183233-1.html
  [4]: http://
  [5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_direction_finder#Automatic_direction_finder_.28ADF.29
  [6]: https://i.sstatic.net/yUFM4.jpg
  [7]: http://s337.photobucket.com/user/motidog/media/HF-FA-200_2.jpg.html