# How does the ground effect affects longitudinal stability?

I recently learned that the ground effect increases the effective AoA of the wing and thus increases lift, how does that translates in to the tail plane and it's stabilizing effects? does it reduce/increase stability?

• It should be nice if answers mention ekranoplan stability. – Manu H Dec 6 '19 at 6:46

Ground effect makes the airplane more longitudinally stable for two reasons:

1. Ground effect increases the lift curve slope ($$\frac{\partial{C_{L_t}}}{\partial{\alpha_t}}$$) of the tailplane due to vortex reduction. An increase in tail lift curve slope is equivalent to increasing the effective tail volume.
2. Ground effect decreases the downwash of the wing on the tailplane (Ref. ESDU Item 72023). The reduction in the downwash slope ($$\frac{\partial{\epsilon}}{\partial{\alpha}}$$) again increases the effective tail volume.

Ground effect also affects the wing moment slope, but the effect is generally minor and does not follow a general trend.

It depends on general geometry of the aeroplane:

• The vertical position of the main wing and the horizontal tail.
• If the aeroplane even has a horizontal tail.
• The sweep angle.
• The angle of incidence in the landing flare.

When a wing enters ground effect, its lift coefficient rises: the wing creates more lift at a given speed and Angle of Attack. A wing is considered to be in ground effect if it is within about half wingspan distance to the ground. Since the main wing has a much larger span than the horizontal tail, it enters ground effect earlier, creating a nose up moment due to more lift on the main wing only. Low wing aeroplanes have a more pronounced nose-up effect than high-wing aeroplanes do.

An increased nose up angle brings the horizontal tail closer to the ground, which will enter ground effect as well at a certain point. Which will the counter the nose-up moment.

A wing with large sweep, at landing angle of incidence, will see the wing tip area enter ground effect earlier, creating a nose down moment.

Concorde enters ground effect with the wing trailing edge first, creating a nose-down moment. In flight this would be called Increased Stability, however in the landing a nose down moment may introduce nose wheel slam.