How does turbine efficiency compare with internal combustion engines if all the turbine power is converted to mechanical energy?

It is widely know that early turbojets guzzled fuel and created thrust simply by spewing accelerated matter out the back. Modern jets have come a long way in earning a better reputation with efficiency improvements.

If an aircraft mounted the exact same propeller on a supercharged piston engine and a turbine, and flew under identical conditions at the same pitch and rpm, how much more fuel would the turbine use (possibly including weight savings benefits for extra credit).

I am picturing a two engined aircraft with the two types of engines flying side by side at around 350 knots.

The most efficient IC engines are large Diesels. At the extreme end are ship engines with better than 50% thermal efficiency resulting in a specific fuel consumption of only 0.260 lbs/hp/hour or 158 g/kW-h. But even supercharged truck diesels achieve above 40% thermal efficiency at high load (this NHTSA study gives 42%).

Aerodiesels have achieved 220 g/kW-h already with the Jumo 204 and 205 of the early 1930s. Even the modern Thielert diesels (now sold by Continental) are hardly better, claiming 214 g/kW-h. Also the Napier Nomad, a super- and turbocharged aero diesel with utmost efficiency as its design goal just reached 219 g/kW-h.

Gasoline engines start at about 240 g/kW-h; this value is achieved by the Lycoming IO-390 with fuel injection. Without fuel injection, specific consumption rises to 260 - 280 g/kW-h which is typical for a Lycoming O-360 at 65% power. Note that the Jumo 213, one of the more efficient WW II-era piston engines, already achieved 260 g/kW-h even with 87 octane fuel and a compression ratio of only 6.93:1 at its most favourable operating point. Advanced Innovative Engineering, who have taken over the Norton-Wankel engine, claim 310-350 g/kW-h for their 650CS with 120  PS.

Comparing that with turboprops needs some conversion of thrust into power. This is only valid for a specific flight speed. If you do that at cruise speed, the large turboprops Progress D27 and Europrop TP400 claim a consumption of around 240 g/kW-h. Smaller turboprops rarely achieve below 300 g/kW-h.

To save you from the trouble of looking up and converting the data in the last link, here is a selected list:

• Allison 250 $$\;\;\;\;\;\;\;$$: 370 g/kW-h. This is a typical small helicopter engine.
• Garrett TPE331$$\;\;$$ : 310 g/kW-h. This is used on small turboprops like the Do-228 or the Merlin III.
• PWC 126A $$\;\;\;\;\;\;\;$$: 280 g/kW-h. Getting larger - BAe ATP.
• Rolls-Royce Tyne : 237 g/kW-h. This has long been the largest turboprop in the West and used on aircraft like the Canadair 400 / CL-44.

Please note that those turboprops feed on kerosene while the piston engines need gasoline. But by basing the comparison on a per-mass basis, it is valid because the energy densities of both are almost identical. Very large turboprops are as efficient as gasoline piston engines, but diesels still have a small advantage.

Now for turbofans. Here we have thrust which needs to be converted into power first by multiplying it with flight speed. It would be nonsensical to compare the static case – here by definition turbofans do not produce power. For the nitpickers: Yes, I need to look at the gas speeds ahead and behind the engine, but still, this makes for a poor comparison: Most static values are from test stands with all accessories removed and no losses for engine mounts and fairings. I will instead use the figures in cruise given in this answer, using a fuel burn of $$b_f$$ = 18 g/kNs and a speed of Mach 0.78, which equates to a flight speed of 262 m/s in 11.000 m altitude. Multiply by 3600 for a per-hour value and divide by 262 (the N are in the denominator!) and you arrive at 247 g/kW-h. So again, very similar to good gasoline piston engines but not as good as diesels.

But again this comparison has to be taken with the proverbial grain of salt. Now we need to have a closer look at speed. Thrust-specific consumption goes up with speed and roughly doubles between the static case and cruise speed for a modern turbofan. The GE-90 achieves 8 g/kN-s static and 15 g/kN-s at Mach 0.8 – that would be just 209 g/kW-h and be on a par with the best diesels. For comparison: The installed figures for modern military engines in supersonic aircraft are 20 g/kN-s. And regarding the fuel-hungry turbojets: The old Jumo 004 achieved 39 g/kN-s – just twice as much with a compression ratio of only 3.3:1. Real fuel guzzlers were the Argus 014 of the V-1 with 107 g/kN-s in cruise.

While turbine engines gain in efficiency with altitude due to colder intake air, the diagram below comparing the Jumo 213 A with the J version (source) shows an increase in power specific fuel consumption with altitude. Note that flight speed will also rise with altitude and is not given, so I suspect this is more due to higher speed than higher altitude. Again, these are real-world data from flight test with the engine installed in a FW-190D (source). Going from sea level to 10 km which roughly doubles true air speed raises the specific consumption by 20%.

Comparison chart between Jumo 213 A and J. Flight altitude is given in [km] along the x axis and specific consumption along the right y-axis. Multiply by 1.34 for g/kW-h. The lower set of lines are for partial load operation between 2100 and 2700 RPM (A version) rsp. 3000 RPM (J version) while the upper set of consumption lines are for maximum power operation at 3000 RPM (A version) rsp. 3400 to 3700 RPM (J version), partially with water-methanol injection.

• Kampf absolutely outstanding once again. The Tyne generates around 6100 hp. I am seeing a "reverse Brabazon" with one, larger, more efficient jet turbine powering 2 props. Can we go a little higher (even with a fan)? – Robert DiGiovanni Aug 20 at 1:06
• @PeterKämpf I'm guessing he's saying it means "gallons". – nick012000 Aug 21 at 6:40
• A kilowatt is a really strong light bulb. 1 gallon per hour for that? – Robert DiGiovanni Aug 21 at 8:31
• @RobertDiGiovanni: Gallon is so obviously wrong it hurts. – Peter Kämpf Aug 21 at 9:16
• @Roger please clean this up – Robert DiGiovanni Aug 21 at 14:21

How does turbine efficiency compare with internal combustion engines if all the turbine power is converted to mechanical energy?

When looking at conversion from chemical energy into mechanical energy: very favourably. The early turbojets had low thrust efficiency, they could not convert their gas generator power into thrust in an efficient way. When comparing energy efficiencies we start with the chemical energy in the fuel, and won't be working backwards from available thrust.

If all gas generator power is converted to mechanical energy we're talking about turboshafts. The best way to compare the fuel efficiency of the engine only and not get engaged in a discussion about thrust conversion, is a listing of engine brake horsepower, which directly measures the shaft torque1 applied to a propeller, fan, set of truck wheels, ships propeller etc.

• As can be seen, a large gas turbine engine like the GE LM6000 (a converted aeroplane turbofan engine) is among the most frugal engines around, with a brake specific fuel consumption of 0.329 lbs/(hp * h) = 200 g/kWh = 42% efficiency.
• Diesels can get efficiencies of over 50%, mainly the large, low RPM 2-stroke diesels generating a huge amount of torque. The Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C runs at 22-120 RPM, which would be problematic for automobile and aircraft propulsion.
• The highest efficiency of all is the combined cycle with 62.2%, a gas turbine combined with a steam turbine to utilise the exhaust energy.

The low specific fuel consumption is for large gas turbine engines, they don’t scale down well because of the boundary layer effects: a smaller engine has relatively a larger circumference. Also, they only operate efficiently at full power, piston engines have the advantage at lower rpm percentage.

So the smaller the engine, the more advantageous are the circumstances for the piston engine: they scale down much more favourably than the gas turbines. But given enough volume, gas turbines are not inherently wasteful with fuel at all.

If an aircraft mounted the exact same propeller on a supercharged piston engine and a turbine, and flew under identical conditions at the same pitch and rpm, how much more fuel would the turbine use

We're taking about aero engines now, and should leave unsuitable 2-stroke low RPM ship diesels out of the comparison. Also, since the propellers and flight conditions are identical, we can leave the whole thrust conversion mechanism out of the equation. As mentioned earlier, size matters when talking about gas turbine efficiency. Let's take 2 sizes:

1. Largest turboprop.
The absolute largest turboprop engine was the Kuznetsov NK-12, developed just after WWII. A more modern large turboprop is the Europrop TP400, only slightly smaller, used for the A400, 2 with a maximum power output of 11,000 hp = 8,203 kW.

• Cruise shaft power specific fuel consumption: 0.167 kg/kWh (0.275 lb/hp/h) = 51.5% efficiency.
• Cruise propulsive power specific fuel consumption: 0.213 kg/kWh (0.350 lb/hp/h)

But it may be seen that large gas turbine engines are very fuel efficient, and are not inferior to piston engines in frugality.

I could not find fuel consumption data on a comparable piston engine that delivers 11,000 hp. The only reference is to a drag racing engine, which is not very concerned with fuel economy.

1. Largest piston powered prop

The largest piston engine ever produced was the Lycoming XR-7755, producing 5,000 hp at a fuel economy of .38-.41lb/hp-hour, 231-249 g/kWh or 35.5-32.5% efficiency. And that with 1947 technology.

Also from the 1940s: the Allison T40 turboprop with 5,100 hp and specific fuel consumption at 0.63 lb/(she*h) = 383 g/kWh = 22% efficiency. Low compression ratio, no FADEC.

The Q400 has two PW150A turboprops of 5,000 hp each. Could not find the SFC of this modern gas turbine engine. The Rolls Royce Tyne is from the 1950s and does not have the latest technology.

It is hard to find equivalent piston and gas turbine engines for a fair comparison:

• Time of development. Avgas pistons were highly developed after WWII, afterwards development of large engines stopped, now only used in smaller aeroplanes. Turboprops now have 3-axes, very high compression ratio and inlet temperatures, FADEC.
• Engine rated horsepower. Turbines don't scale down well, and the comparison HP rating will have a large influence on the outcome.

1: The gross power delivered by the engine is the torque Q at the shaft times the angular speed $$\Omega$$. This is the pure engine power, the Shaft(!) Horse Power of piston engine specifications. To measure the gross shaft power, connect an eddy current damper to the output shaft and measure the amps required to run at constant $$\Omega$$

2: By Matti Blume - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68573331

• The other big disadvantage of piston engines is the need for different levels of supercharger boost at different altitudes. If you look at efficiency in terms of miles per gallon, the turbine engine's ability to fly high gives it a big advantage. – Robin Bennett Aug 21 at 10:59
• @Robin Bennett the B36 went higher than many people know (actually may have had a TAS close to the B52). "Turbocharging" really is the same for jets and pistons, it's the combustion and thrust efficiency that differs. (Still trying to get them to figure AVERAGED piston force as "thrust" vs the "drag" of the prop airfoil. But weight vs thrust, maintenance, and max power, turbines win hands down. I want one running my four props (maybe electrically). – Robert DiGiovanni Aug 21 at 20:08
• @RobertDiGiovanni The average piston force is what is found back at the shaft, as torque. The pulses integrated over time result in a force, multiplied by the crankshaft radius result in a torque. The shaft torque in a turboshaft is the result of the continuous sideway force of the gas stream on the turbine blades, easier on the intuition. – Koyovis Aug 22 at 3:53
• And lots more power too. But the piston force is from the (more efficient) internal combustion expansion. Just too heavy and can't get enough of it. Interesting to compare heavier cannon to recoiless "rifle". Cannon are more efficient, but harder to carry. Amazed at how good the larger turbines are though. Food for thought, the piston force is straight, the turbine oblique, but multiple rows of turbine blades seems to help. – Robert DiGiovanni Aug 22 at 4:11
• Now we can add distance travelled to g/kW-hr to get ton-miles/gallon like efficiency, which is the whole package including optimal speed and altitude. The 747 is the best I've seen yet at 80 ton-miles/gallon. Need to covert that to g-meters/kW-hr. – Robert DiGiovanni Aug 22 at 4:17

Very poorly actually. What saves turboprops and turboshafts is power to weight, smoothness and reliability. If you want just maximum MPG and don't have to go trans sonic, recip wins hands down.

Piston engine Specific Fuel Consumption is roughly .45 lbs/hp/hr for a normally aspirated carbureted engine (that figure comes from my own Lycoming engine's power chart - I can't find an on-line source), going down from there with fuel injection, and turbo/super charging. Diesels are in the low .3s.

The most efficient recips were the Wright Turbo Compound radials that had both supercharging and direct horsepower extraction from the exhaust (about 300 hp was recovered from the exhaust of the R3350 by the two power recovery turbines) that were down in the high .3s to .4.

Turboprops? Worse than two stroke gasoline engines. Somewhere around .6 lb/hp/hr or worse (the PT-6 is .67), maybe in the high 5s on some of the latest.

This is one reason why you don't see that many turbine conversions on airplanes like the DC-3. Aside from the cost of the conversion, it's just way more economical to run, fuel wise, on gas.

• Have you got any references for those numbers? – Koyovis Aug 19 at 20:53
• @Koyovis I put a couple links to the Wiki page for the 3350 and PT6 which lists their numbers. – John K Aug 19 at 21:17
• Turbine engines have similar fuel efficiency to diesel engines - if they are large enough. Check out for instance the GE LM6000 in this Wiki page. – Koyovis Aug 19 at 21:37
• @PeterKämpf So comparing apples with apples, and listing purely the fuel efficiency of the core engine. Which is what the OP asked. – Koyovis Aug 20 at 0:39
• I figured the OP was asking about a comparison between comparable aircraft engines on airplanes with comparable performance, basically recip vs turboprop. Recip wins in that case. – John K Aug 20 at 3:17

Very well as the Carnot efficiency is what drives the theoretical limit, and that is driven by the temperature of the combustion. 1 - T_h/T_c (in Kelvin) Turbines have very hot combustion chambers (diesels too, gasoline less so (due to knocking)).

So a turbine operating in cold air will have great performance.

In electricity generation Natural Gas turbines combined cycle (CCGT) GTs that are coupled with a steam turbine achieve 60%+ efficiency. Turbines only (OCGT) have lower efficiencies (34%) but that is also because they are optimised for faster response to power prices.

• Your last paragraph seems a bit of a tangent: are there many natural gas turbines in aviation? Could you edit your answer to make the numbers a bit more specific to aircraft turbines? – Dan Hulme Aug 20 at 10:09
• Edited to clarify. The initial question is about all turbine power to shaft, which is the case in the electricity generation, but not in aviation as you can use the energy in the exhaust for propulsion directly. I guess you could have a closed cycle steam turbine and pug the whole thing into electric motors... Large ships diesels as per the other answers are not used for air plane propulsion either, but in the search of efficiency there are some crazy designs. – ic_fl2 Aug 20 at 11:42