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I heard a rumour that the Boeing 747 was originally designed for supersonic cruising.

Is this correct? Are the airframe and wings able to cross the sound barrier without damage?

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    $\begingroup$ It was designed for high sub-sonic cruise, not supersonic flight. There may be parts of the airplane that do go supersonic due to the airflow but the entire airplane does not. $\endgroup$
    – SMS von der Tann
    Oct 23, 2016 at 11:05
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    $\begingroup$ You may be confusing it with the Boeing SST which was designed at the same time and was the companies other big bet for the future of aircraft. Boeing felt that the 747 would be quickly replaced with the SST when it was complete, that however, never happened. $\endgroup$
    – Dave
    Oct 23, 2016 at 17:56
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    $\begingroup$ To expand on what @Dave said, the Boeing 747 was intended to be a stopgap until they could produce an SST. Boeing didn't expect to produce more than 400 747s and expected those to be converted into freighters, which is the reason for the hump; the freight was loaded through the nose. As Dave notes, this is probably what you were thinking of. $\endgroup$
    – BillDOe
    Oct 24, 2016 at 0:41

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No. The Boeing 747 was not designed for supersonic flight, though during testing, it was pushed quite close to the sonic speed:

Tom Cole, a spokesman at Boeing Commercial Airplane Co., said original flight tests of 747s conducted in 1969 and 1970 took 747-100 models to speeds of Mach 0.99.

However, the aircraft is not built for sustained supersonic speeds:

... Boeing and the FAA said the 747 is not built for sustained flight at the speed of sound. Its engines aren't powerful enough nor is it designed to deal with a destabilizing shock wave that develops around the speed of sound.

However, it is just possible that the airframe and wings can cope up with the supersonic flight, at least for a little while, though any sustained flight is not possible. There have been cases where the 747 has gone quite near the speed of sound and lived to tell the tale.

China Airlines Flight 006 went into a dive and went near supersonic speeds before the captain could recover it. As a result, large portions of the horizontal stabilizers were ripped off, and the wing was bent permanently upwards.

747 damage

Damage to China Airlines Flight 006 empennage. By NTSB - China Airlines Boeing 747-SP Accident Report by NTSB, http://www.rvs.uni-bielefeld.de/publications/Incidents/DOCS/ComAndRep/ChinaAir/AAR8603.html, Public Domain, Link

In 1991, a Boeing 747 of Evergreen airlines entered a steep right wing bank and approached sonic speed before recovery was completed. NTSB notes:

... the airplane was in a steep right-wing-down bank. The flight lost approximately 10,000 feet of altitude, and the airplane approached supersonic speeds (0.98 Mach) before the recovery could be completed.

Later, the Israelis took it close to sonic speed. In these cases, parts of the aircraft certainly experienced local supersonic flow; however, the airframe and wings are not designed for supersonic flow nor are the engines powerful enough. In one case, the aircraft suffered extensive damage (though it was repaired and returned to service).

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    $\begingroup$ @ymb1 Thanks. Didn't notice it :) $\endgroup$
    – aeroalias
    Oct 23, 2016 at 12:24
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    $\begingroup$ While the China Airlines flight does seem to be incriminating, recovering from the dive may have done more damage than crossing the sound barrier. Hard to draw many conclusions from what is presented here. $\endgroup$
    – J W
    Oct 23, 2016 at 14:14
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    $\begingroup$ @Alexander, the 'sonic boom' is a phenomenon observed only on the ground, when a moving shockwave passes through you. For the aircraft, this is a sustained experience. That said, even a piece of rock can fly supersonic if it has enough energy :) $\endgroup$
    – Zeus
    Oct 24, 2016 at 5:57
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    $\begingroup$ @AlexanderMomchliov " It is a common misconception that only one boom is generated during the subsonic to supersonic transition; rather, the boom is continuous along the boom carpet for the entire supersonic flight." From Wikipedia $\endgroup$
    – Sanchises
    Oct 24, 2016 at 8:26
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    $\begingroup$ @sanchises Oh that's cool, makes total sense. Then that leads the question: How does >mach 1 cause stress on the air frame? AFAIK going just under mach 1 builds a high pressure zone immediately in front of the plane. Overcoming it would be hard from the force it applies back on the plane. But once you do, what happens? $\endgroup$
    – Alexander
    Oct 24, 2016 at 15:28
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The Boeing 747 is NOT designed for supersonic flight... However, it was designed as an interim aircraft while the SST(SuperSonic Transport) was being developed.
As you probably know, the SST never panned out, and the 747 is now one of the most influential aircraft in the world. As a book I read put it, the 747 was likened to a Mack truck of aircraft; it wasn't glamorous, and the SST was supposed to steal the show.
Some good reading on the 747 if you want more would be 747: Creating the world's first jumbo jet, by Joe Sutter Wide-Body: The triumph of the 747, by Clive Irving

It really is a fascinating story. It was developed in a very short time, and the amazing part is that they got it right.
Anyhow, maybe you heard that it was supposed to be an interim aircraft and got it confused. Hope this helped!

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  • $\begingroup$ That's why the 747 has an upper deck - so it could easily be converted to a cargo plane when the SSTs came along. $\endgroup$
    – Vikki
    Mar 28, 2018 at 19:35
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You can see from the design that it's not quite apt for supersonic flight. This topic is best explained in aviation textbooks, but here's a simple explanation. In subsonic flight there is a 'cushion' in the leading edges of the aircraft directing the airflow gently around the aircraft instead of having it hit the fuselage with full strength. However, in supersonic flight the cushion cannot be sustained and the impact between air and fuselage is much stronger.

Taking this into effect it can be seen from studying supersonic aircraft designs such as SR-71 and concorde that the area where the oncoming air can impact the fuselage is smaller than in conventional airliners. The bulge in 747's hull design wouldn't be optimal for supersonic flight.

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Absolutely in no way was the 747 intended or designed as a supersonic aircraft; for many technical reasons having to do with structures and aerodynamic/fluid mechanics, a 747, if pushed to the sound barrier breaking speed in the vicinity of 674 MPH, plus or minus with respect to air density in which the big airliner is flying, or beyond this speed, then structural air drag stresses would rip the wings from the fuselage. In comparison, go look at old photos of the Concorde and note the triangular, or delta wing configuration of this aircrafts wings and note that the wings do not flare out in a wide wingspan is in the 747. As well, the running length of attachment of the Concorde delta wings to fuselage is much greater than that longitudinal length of attachment-to-fuselage in the 747. There were of many other material and design differences between these two airliners to allow the Concorde to fly at supersonic speeds, and conversely, disallow these faster than the speed of sound abilities in the 747.

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    $\begingroup$ Could "rip the wings from the fuselage"? Of the various bad things that can happen when overspeeding a large jet, that seems very low on the list of what's most likely. The 747's have an MMO of M 0.92, which has a safety margin built in. This link reports that there are cases where one has gone inadvertently supersonic - apparently not losing its wings in the process. $\endgroup$
    – Ralph J ♦
    Feb 25, 2021 at 2:32

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