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Quoting from page 162 of the book "Fatal traps for helicopter pilots" by Greg Whyte:

Hydraulic jack stall (servo transparency) in (AS-350) helicopter is an aerodynamic phenomenon can occur when the helicopter is flown outside it is normal flight envelope and subjected to positive maneuvering (g-loading).

It results in uncommanded aft and right cyclic and down-collective motion accompanied by pitch up and right roll of the helicopter.

My question:

What is reason for uncommanded aft and right cyclic collective down pitch up and right roll?

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A moderately quick search reveals a few pprune threads and an accident report. From these I understood that:

The hydraulic jack stall occurs when the aerodynamic force on the rotor blades exceeds the force the hydraulic actuator can apply.

The actuators are controlling pitch of rotor blades and are applying force to keep the angle of attack high. When the angle of attack gets too high the blades stall which is associated with change in centre of lift creating a moment trying to rotate the blade to lower angle of attack, strong enough to overpower the actuator.

The right pitch moment is because the retreating blades have higher angle of attack and approach stall earlier.

The forward pitch moment is when the stall happens in higher G manoeuvre where the helicopter is pitching up and thus the blades in front are running at higher angle of attack and approach stall earlier. If the stall happens due to overspeed, the pitch moment will be back instead. In either case it will be opposite to the selected cyclic.

The down collective moment is because the angle of attack decreases on the forward (or backward) and right blades, but does not increase on the other ones, so the total lift is reduced.

The behaviour can be considered a good thing as it prevents aerodynamic stall from fully developing. The effect is also similar to what would happen if the actuators were more powerful and aerodynamic stall did fully develop. It can however be more surprising for the pilot since it may happen before vibrations that normally indicate incipient aerodynamic stall. The condition is self-correcting in that the reduction in pitch causes reduction in G loading and thus reduction of the aerodynamic forces, but the drop in performance can obviously be a problem if it happens too low.

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    $\begingroup$ Many consider that jack stall is a result of inadequate design since the jacks are not powerful to counter the forces generated. This is debatable as jack stall has the effect of countering whatever control input is causing the high loads and therefore in some ways, prevents the pilot from tearing the rotor head off the machine. As the accident reports show, in some situations, a jack stall can drive you into the ground very quickly. $\endgroup$
    – Simon
    Mar 18, 2014 at 21:08
  • $\begingroup$ @Simon: Indeed, I've noticed that in the linked threads. And don't agree with it since I don't really see a point in having it push the blades further into stall with the same effect on the aircraft behaviour a short while later. $\endgroup$
    – Jan Hudec
    Mar 18, 2014 at 21:14
  • $\begingroup$ alexispar...4-8_65LokUp.mpg - please pass the spare underpants. $\endgroup$
    – Simon
    Mar 18, 2014 at 21:15
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    $\begingroup$ @Simon: The link is broken. It looks like comming from the thread I already linked too. $\endgroup$
    – Jan Hudec
    Mar 18, 2014 at 21:17
  • $\begingroup$ OK, thanks. I'll try to fix it, but as you say, in your link anyway. $\endgroup$
    – Simon
    Mar 18, 2014 at 21:20

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